1. INTRODUCTION
The Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) serves as a critical framework for establishing collaborative agreements between organizations. In the context of management strategies, it outlines the mutual expectations and responsibilities that the parties agree to uphold. However, while MOUs are instrumental in setting the stage for cooperative efforts, they often come with a set of challenges that can hinder the effective execution of strategic initiatives. The increasing complexity of the global business environment has amplified these issues, making it essential for organizations to reassess their approaches and address the shortcomings that can arise from such agreements. One of the primary issues associated with MOUs is the vague nature of their language, which can lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations among the involved parties. When the terms and conditions are not explicitly defined, it becomes challenging to hold stakeholders accountable for their comm
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