1. Introduction
while expatriates may enhance the competitiveness of foreign firms, their influence can also lead to a tension between local management practices and global strategies dictated by expatriate leadership. This dynamic can affect the degree of autonomy that local subsidiaries possess in adapting to the cultural nuances and market conditions prevalent in Singapore. Moreover, the integration of expatriates can alter decision-making processes within foreign companies. When high-level expatriates hold key leadership positions, they often steer the strategic direction of the subsidiary, which can result in a centralized decision-making model. This centralization may limit the input from local employees who possess invaluable insights into the Singaporean market, thereby reducing the responsiveness of the firm to local customer needs and preferences. While expatriates are essential for bridging cultural and operational gaps, their leadership style and decision-making approa
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