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Archer-Hind, R. D. (ed.), The Timaeus of Plato (London, 1888) Arieti, J. A., Interpreting Plato (Maryland, 1991) Armleder, P. J., ¡°Some Observations on Plato¡¯s Timaeus¡±, Classical Bulletin 39 (1962), 9-10¸é. Baltes, B., ¡°Numenios von Apamea und der Platonische Timaios¡±, Vigiliae Christianae 29 (1975), 241-270¸é. Benitez, E. E., ¡°The Good or the Demiurge: Causation and the Unity of Good in Plato¡±, Apeiron 38 (1995), 117-135¸é. Bochner, S., The Role of Mathematics in the Rise of Science (Princeton, 1966) Brisson, L, Platon. Timée/Critias (Paris, 1992) Brisson, L., Platon. Parménide (Paris, 1994) Brisson, L., ¡°Le Discours comme Univers et l¡¯Univers comme Discours. Platon et Ses Interprêtes Néo-Platoniciens¡±, in: Hoffmann, P./Lallot, J./Boulluec, A. L. (ed.), Les Textes et Ses Représentations (Paris, 1987), 121-128¸é. Bury, R. G., Plato, with an English Translation: Timaeus, Critias, Cleitophon, Menexenus, Epistles (Cambridge, 1929) Cherniss, H., Aristotle¡¯s Criticism of Plato and the Academy (Baltimore, 1944) Cornford, F. M., Plato`s Cosmology (London, 1937) Cropsey, J., ¡°The Whole as Setting for Man: On Plato`s Timaeus¡±, Interpretation 17 (1989), 165-191¸é. de Graff, T. B., ¡°Timaeus 41a4¡±, Classical Weekly 35 (1941/42), 244-245¸é Diehl, E. (ed.), Proklos. In Platonis Timaeum Commentaria (Leipzig, 1966) Dillon, J., ¡°Tampering with the Timaeus: Ideological Emendations in Plato, with Special Reference to the Timaeus¡±, American Journal of Philology 110 (1989), 50-72¸é. Dillon, J., ¡°The Riddle of the Timaeus: Is Plato Sowing Clues?¡±, in: Joyal, M. (ed.), Studies in Plato and the Platonic Tradition (Aldershot/Brookfield/Singapore/Sydney, 1997), 25-42¸é. Droz, G., Les Mythes Platoniciens (du Seuil, 1992) Ferber, R., Die Unwissenheit des Philosophen oder Warum hat Platon die ungeschriebene Lehre nicht geschrieben? (Sankt Augustin, 1991) Figel, G., ¡°Warum soll man über die Welt eine Geschichte erzählen? der Timaios als Traktat vom Abbild¡±, in: Figel, G., Das Untier und die Liebe (Stuttgart, 1991), 95¸é Findlay, J. N., Plato: The Written and Unwritten Doctrines (London, 1974) Fischer, N., ¡°Die Ursprungsphilosophie in Platons Timaios¡±, Philosophisches Jahrbuch 89 (1982), 247-268¸é. Gadamer, H.-G., Idee und Wirklichkeit in Platons Timaios (Heidelberg, 1974) Gaiser, K., Platons ungeschriebene Lehre (Stuttgart, 1962) Gampper, G., Zum Gebrauch des Artikels beim Gottesbegriff Platons (Frankenthal, 1997) Gerson, L. P., God and Greek Philosophy (London/New York, 1990) Gosling, J. C. B., Plato (London/Boston, 1973) Graham, D. W., ¡°Socrates, the Craft Analogy, and Science¡±, Apeiron 29 (1991), 1-24¸é Grube, G. M. A., Plato¡¯s Thought (London, 1935) Gulley, N., ¡°Plato on Poetry¡±, Greece and Rome 24 (1977), 154-169¸é. Hahm, D. E., The Origins of Stoic Cosmology (Columbus, 1977) Huber-Abrahamowicz, E., Das Problem der Kunst bei Platon (Ebmatingen, 1997) J. Cropsey, ¡°The Whole as Setting for Man: On Plato¡¯s Timaeus¡±, Interpretation 17 (1989), 165-191¸é. Janaway, C., Images of Excellece (Oxford, 1995) Kélessidou, A., ¡°La Kalliphanie du Monde (l`Épiphanie du Beau) dans le Timée¡±, Kernos 9 (1996), 327-332¸é. Lloyd, G. E. R., Early Greek Science (London, 1970) Lloyd, G. E. R., ¡°Dogmatism and Uncertainty in early Greek Speculative Thought¡±, in: Detienne, N./Loraux, N./Mossé, C./Vidal-Naquet, P. (ed.), Poikilia (Paris, 1987), 297-312¸é. Mannsperger, D, Physis bei Platon (Berlin, 1969) Melling, D. J., Understanding Plato (Oxford/New York, 1987) Menn, S., Plato on God as Nous (Carbondale/edwardsville, 1995) Menn, S., ¡°Aristotle and Plato on God as Nous and as the Good¡±, Review of Metaphysics 45 (1992), 547-573¸é. Mittelstra©¬, J., ¡°Platon¡±, in: Höffe, O. (ed.), Klassiker der Philosophie I (München, 1981), 38-62¸é. Mittelstra©¬, J., ¡°Versuch über den Sokratischen Dialog¡±, in: Stierle, K./Warning, R. (ed.), das Gespräch (München, 1984), 11-27¸é Nestle, W., Vom Mythos zum Logos (Stuttgart, 1940) Ostenfeld, E. N., Forms, Matter and Mind (The Hague/Boston/London, 1982) Ostenfeld, E. N., ¡°The Physicality of God in the Politicus Myth and in the Later Dialogues¡±, Classica et Mediaevalia 44 (1993), 97-108¸é. Patterson, R., ¡°The Unique Worlds of the Timaeus,¡± Phoenix 35 (1981), 105-119¸é. Pelikan, J., What Has Athens to Do with Jerusalem? (Ann Arbor, 1997) Rabel, R. J., ¡°Schêma in Plato¡¯s Definition of Imitation¡±, Ancient Philosophy 16 (1996), 365-376¸é. Racionero, Q., ¡°Logos, Myth and Probable Discourse in Plato¡¯s Timaeus¡±, elenchos 19 (1998), 29-60¸é. Reale, G., ¡°Plato¡¯s Doctrine of the Origin of the World: With Special Reference to the Timaeus¡±, in: Calvo, T./Brisson, L. (ed.), Interpreting the Timaeus-Critias (Sankt Augustin, 1997), 149-164¸é. Ritchie, D. G., Plato (edinburgh, 1902/Bristol, 1993) Robinson, T. M., Plato`s Psychology (Toronto, 1970) Roochnik, D., Of Art and Wisdom (University Park, 1996) Rosen, S., ¡°Commentary on Sallis¡±, in: Cleary, J. J./Wians, W. C. (ed.), Proceedings of the Boston Area Colloquium in Ancient Philosophy XI (1995), 170-175¸é. Runia, D. T., Philo of Alexandria and the Timaeus of Plato (Leiden, 1986) Runia, D. T., ¡°The Language of Excellence in Plato¡¯s Timaeus and Later Platonism¡±, in: Gersch, S./Kannengiesser, C. (ed.), Platonism in Late Antiquity (Notre Dame, 1992), 11-37¸é. Runia, D. T., ¡°The Text of the Platonic Citations in Philo of Alexandria¡±, in: Joyal, M. (ed.), Studies in Plato and the Platonic Tradition (Aldershot/Brookfield/Singapore/Sydney, 1997), 261-291¸é. Rutherford, R. B., The Art of Plato (London, 1995) Ryle, G., ¡°Plato¡±, in: Edwards, P. (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Philosophy VI (New York/London, 1967), 314-333¸é. Schefer, C., Platon und Apollon (Sankt Augustin, 1996) Schmitt, A., ¡°Verhaltensforschung als Psychologie. Aristoteles zum Verhältnis von Mensch und Tier¡±, in: Kullmann, W./Föllinger,S. (ed.), Aristotelische Biologie (Stuttgart, 1997), 259-285¸é. Skemp, J. B., The Theory of Motion in Plato`s Later Dialogues (Amsterdam, 1967) Smith, J. e., ¡°Plato¡¯s Myth as Likely Accounts, Worthy of Belief¡±, Apeiron 19 (1985), 24-42¸é. Stetter, C., ¡°Logik und Schrift¡±, in: M. Astroh/D. Gerhardus/G. Heinzmann (ed.), Dialogisches Handeln (Heidelberg/Berlin/Oxford, 1997), 311-354¸é. Szlezák, T. M., ¡°Psyche-Polis-Kosmos. Bemerkungen zur Einheit des platonischen Denkens¡±, in: Rudolph, E. (ed.), Polis und Kosmos (Darmstadt, 1996), 26-42¸é. Szlezák, T., Platon lesen (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, 1996) Taylor, A. E., A Commentary on Plato¡¯s Timaeus (Oxford, 1928) Taylor, A. E., Plato: The Man and His Work (London, 1937) Vicaire, P., Recherches sur les Mots Désignant la Poésie et le Poiète dans l¡¯Oeuvre de Platon (Paris, 1964) Vlastos, G., Plato¡¯s Universe (Seattle, 1975) Wieland, W., ¡°Platons Schriftkritik und die Grenzen der Mitteilbarkeit¡±, in: Bohn, V. (ed.), Romantik, Literatur und Philosophie (Frankfurt/M., 1987), 24-44¸é. Wood, R. J., ¡°The Demiurge and His Model¡±, Classical Journal 63 (1968), 255-258¸é. Yunis, H., Taming Democracy (Ithaca/London, 1996) Zaslavsky, R., Platonic Myth and Platonic Writing (Lanham/New York/London, 1981) Zekl, H. G. (ed.), Platon: Timaios (Hamburg, 1992) Plato and demiurge: explanation and constitution of the world This article aims at identifying the demiurge who constructs the world in Plato`s Timaeus. My thesis is as follows: the demiurge is a metaphor for Timaeus who explains the world and the changes in it; Timaeus is a mouthpiece of Plato, the author of the ¡°Timaeus¡±, who stands for human reason; That the demiurge constructs the world in the ontological level, could mean, therefore, that the human reason reconstructs the world via logos in the epistemological level: the world is made in the theory (logos). It means that the explanation of the becoming of the world in the ¡°Timaeus¡± is a cosmology rather than a cosmogony. In order to support this thesis, the similarities between the roles and activities of demiurge and Timaeus are suggested: (1) the demiurge and Timaeus both are poiêtês. The demiurge is a poiêtês who makes the world in the ontological level (ergô), whereas Timaeus is a poiêtês who makes the world in the epistemological level (logô). This can justify that the demiurge is a metaphor for Timaues, for the explanation and its object are relatives (syngenês) which means `same` in the ¡°Timaeus¡±. There are many other similarities which show that the demiurge is a metaphor for Timaeus. Futhermore, the fact that Plato does not, in fact, distinguish between the god and the gods in the ¡°Timaeus¡± can indirectly imply that the demiurge, the god, is a metaphor for Timaues, the human reason. |
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